Kurdish Orthography Project

May 2, 2026

Glyphs of all phones are shown as long as a phone is part of the inventory of a given variety, even when the glyphs of allaophones are identical to the ones of phonemes. The table attempts to list as many sounds as possible. Latn is used in all notes but zza-Latn and kmr-Latn (Hawar & Soviet), as an extension of kmr-Latn (Hawar). If a note is available for a given cell, hovering over (tapping on mobile devices) will activate the info box below the row. Bibliography is down the page.

IPA Latn M zza-Latn kmr-Latn (Hawar) kmr-Latn (Soviet) kmr-Yezi kmr-Armn kmr-Cyrl kmr-Arab ckb-Arab sdh-Arab lki-Arab M hac-Arab I hac-Hebr
[ɑː] A a A a A a 𐺀 Ա ա A a ا ا ا ا א
[ɑːw] AW aw
[ɑɥ] AŴ aŵ
[ɑːj] AY ay
[ɑ] A a A a
[ɑ̃] Ä ä AN an
[a] À à ا or عا ا or عا א or ה
[b] B b B b B b B ʙ 𐺁 Պ պ Б б ب ب ب ب ب ב
[d͡ʒ] C c C c C c Ç ç 𐺆 Ճ ճ ج ج ج ג̇ or גִ
[d͡z] C c C c C c Ç ç 𐺆 Ճ ճ ج ج
[t͡ʃ] Ç ç Çh çh Ç ç C c 𐺇 Ջ ջ Ч ч چ چ چ چ גׄ or גׅ
[t͡s] Ç ç Çh çh Ç ç C c چ چ چ
[t͡ʃˤ] Ç̀ ç̀ Ç ç
[t͡sˤ] Ç̀ ç̀ Ç ç
[t͡ʃʰ] Ḉ ḉ Ç ç Ç ç Ꞓ ꞓ 𐺈 Չ չ Чʼ чʼ چ چ چ چ
[t͡sʰ] Ḉ ḉ Ç ç Ç ç چ چ چ
[d] D d D d D d D d 𐺋 Տ տ د د د ו
[dˤ] D̀ d̀ 𐺔
[d͡ð] DÐ dð
[ð] Ð ð
[ðˤ] Ð ð Z z
[ð̞] Ð ð
[ɹˠ] Ð ð ڎ
[θ] Þ þ
[t͡θ] TÞ tþ
[ə] E e י
[əw] EW ew
[æ] E e
[ɛ] E e 𐺦
[ɛw] EW ew
[ɛj] EY ey
[ɛɥ] EŴ eŵ
[ɛ] È è عه
[eː] Ê ê 𐺩 י
[iɛ] Ê ê Ê ê
[ɸ] F f
[f] F f 𐺙 פ or פׄ or פ֜
[fˤ] F̀ f̀
[g] G g 𐺟 ג
[ɟ] G g
[gˤ] G̀ g̀
[gʷ] GW gw
[h] H h 𐺧 ה
[ħ] Ḧ ḧ 𐺉 ח
[ʔ] (I i)
[ɪ] I i (') י
[ɪ̃n] IN in
[ɨ] I i
[ɨ̃n] IN in
[iː] Î î 𐺨 י
[iɑ] ÎA îa
[iʊ] ÎU îu
[ʒ] J j 𐺐 ז
[k] K k 𐺝 כ
[c] K k
[ƙ] K̀ k̀
[kˤ] K̀ k̀
[cˤ] K̀ k̀
[kʰ] Ḱ ḱ
[ḵʰ] Ḱ ḱ
[cʰ] Ḱ ḱ
[kʷ] KW kw
[cʷ] KW kw
[l] L l 𐺠 ל
[ɫ] Ł ł 𐺰
[m] M m 𐺡 ם
[mː] Ḿ ḿ
[n] N n 𐺢 נ
[nː] Ń ń
[ŋ] Ǹ ǹ
[ɲ] Ň ň
[oː] O o 𐺥
[o̽ː] O o
[uɑ] O o
[uɛ] O o
[oːj] OY oy
[o] Ò ò ו
[ɔ] Ò ò
[ø] Ö ö
[œ] Ö ö
[p] P p 𐺂 פ
[pˤ] P̀ p̀ 𐺃
[pʰ] Ṕ ṕ
[ƥ] Ṕ ṕ
[q] Q q 𐺜 ק
[qʰ] Q́ q́
[ʠ] Q́ q́
[qʷ] QW qw
[ɾ] R r 𐺍 ר
[r] Ř ř 𐺎
[s] S s 𐺑 ס
[sˤ] S̀ s̀ 𐺓
[sˠ] S̀ s̀
[ʃ] Ş ş 𐺒 ש
[t] T t 𐺕 ת
[tʲ] T t
[ƫ] T̀ t̀
[tˤ] T̀ t̀ 𐺄 ת
[tʰ] T́ t́
[ʊ] U u 𐺣
[ʊɪ] U u
[ʊɨ] U u
[ui] U u
[uː] Û û 𐺣𐺣 ו
[uːj] ÛY ûy
[y] Ü ü
[ʉː] Ü ü
[ʉːɥ] ÜŴ üŵ
[v] V v 𐺚 or 𐺛 ו or וו
[vʷ] V v
[w] W w 𐺤 ו
[ɥ] Ŵ ŵ
[ɥɑ] ŴA ŵa
[x] X x 𐺊 כׄ
[χ] X x
[xʷ] XW xw
[χʷ] XW xw
[ɣ] Ẍ ẍ 𐺘 כ֜
[ʁ] Ẍ ẍ
[ɣʷ] ẌW ẍw
[ʁʷ] ẌW ẍw
[j] Y y 𐺨 י
[ʕ] Ÿ ÿ 𐺗 ע
[z] Z z 𐺏 ז
[zˤ] Z̀ z̀ 𐺌
[zˠ] Z̀ z̀
[zʰ] Ź ź 𐺖

P. Maurizio Garzoni's kmr-Latn (1787), Xelîl Xeyalî's kmr-Arab (1909), Ely Bannister Soane's kmr-Latn (ed.1 1913, ed.2 1920), Salih Bedirxan's kmr-Arab (1913), Èbdulrezaq Bedirxan's kmr-Cyrl (1913), Mihemmed Emîn Zekî and M. M. Bashka's ckb-Latn (1920), Isahak Marogulov and Èreb Şamîlov's kmr-Latn (1928), Mela Seÿîd Kaban Sidiqi's ckb-Arab (1928), A. Èzîz Aẍa's ckb-Arab (1929), Tofîq Wehbî's ckb-Latn (1930), Haci Cindi's kmr-Latn (1931), Cecil J. Edmonds's ckb-Latn (v.1 1931; v.2 1933), Vladimir Minorsky's ckb-Latn (1933), Cemal Nebez's kmr-Latn and ckb-Latn (1976), Terry Lynn Todd's zza-Latn (ed.1 1985; ed.2 2002), Dilan M. R. Roşanî's Yekgirtú Latn (1992), C. M. Jacobson's zza-Latn (1997), Mehrdad Izady's Latn (1998), Refîq Ḧîlmî's ckb-Latn (1999), Michael L. Chyet's Latn (2002), ALA-LC romanization (ed.1 2002, ed.2 2004, ed.3 2012), BGN/PCGN romanization (ed.1 2007; ed.2 2022), Brigitte Werner's diq-Latn (2012), Zilfî Selcan's zza-Latn (2013?), Yaşar Aratemür's zza-Latn (2025) are excluded from the main table. However, references are made to some of these systems when needed.

Characters shown for kmr-Yezi are irrespective of kmr sound inventory. Similarly, all applicable glyphs of a phone are displayed for all kmr varieties if the phone in concern is found in one kmr variety, except for digraphs. More data would help segregate the distribution appropriately.

Seperation of glyphs by the disjunction "or" implies that the phone has multiple graphic representations in circulation without a prevailing glyph. If otherwise is the case, the info box shall include the non-standard uses. Glyphs enclosed in brackets suggest that there are limited use cases for the glyphs in concern, of which some might be non-standard uses, as it is the case with the kmr-Yezi <'>. The judgement of non-standard and standard uses rely on frequency and the sponsorhip of the glyphs in concern.

Notations:
M Macrolanguage
I Individual Language
I/M Macro/Individual Language status could not be determined with certainty.
zza Zazakî (M zza refers to kiu, I zza, and diq; I zza refers to I zza, that is, 'Central Zazakî')
kiu Northern Zazakî
diq Southern Zazakî
kur Kurdish
kmr Northern Kurdish
ckb Central Kurdish
sdh Southern Kurdish
lki Lekî
hac Goranî (M hac refers to sdb, sdf, bjm, I hac; I hac refers to I hac, that is, 'Guranî')
sdb Şebekî
sdf Sarlî
bjm Bacelanî
Latn Latin Script
Yezi Êzdî Script
Armn Armenian Script (In this case, Western Armenian)
Cyrl Cyrillic Script
Arab Arabic Script (In this case, Perso-Arabic)
Hebr Hebrew Script (In this case, Judeo-Arabic)
Hawar: Hawar, also known as the Bedirxanî alphabet, is the most commonly used script for kmr today.
Soviet: The Latn based Orthography prepared by the Soviets for kmr is no longer in use today.

Bibliography:

  • Chyet, Michael L.. Kurdish-English Dictionary = Ferhenga Kurmancî-Inglîzî (2003).
  • Demirdağ, Memet Ali. “Merkez Şivesinin Batı Sınırlarındaki Govdere Ağzının Sesbilimsel Yönden İncelemesi.” In II. Uluslararası Zaza Tarihi ve Kültürü Sempozyumu (2012).
  • Ahmadi, Sina. “Building a Corpus for the Zaza–Gorani Language Family.” In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects (2010).
  • Karim, Shuan Osman, and Saloumeh Gholami. Gorani in Its Historical and Linguistic Context (2024).
  • Ḧebîbułła (Bêdar), Cemal. Ferhangî Wişename (2010).
  • Rja Ҭəzə, issue 1 (1930).
  • https://dimilki.net. Webpage. Accessed on October 28, 2026.
  • https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Rja_Taza.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original. Image. Accessed on October 28, 2026.